shall: คุณกำลังดูกระทู้
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Shall and must
Use “must” not “shall” to impose requirements. “Shall” is ambiguous, and rarely occurs in everyday conversation. The legal community is moving to a strong preference for “must” as the clearest way to express a requirement or obligation.
1. “Shall” has three strikes against it.
First, lawyers regularly misuse it to mean something other than “has a duty to.” It has become so corrupted by misuse that it has no firm meaning.
Second—and related to the first—it breeds litigation. There are 76 pages in “Words and Phrases” (a legal reference) that summarize hundreds of cases interpreting “shall.”
Third, nobody uses “shall” in common speech. It’s one more example of unnecessary lawyer talk. Nobody says, “You shall finish the project in a week.”
For all these reasons, “must” is a better choice, and the change has already started to take place. The new Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, for instance, use “must,” not “shall.”
Prof. Joe Kimble, Thomas Cooley Law School
2. “Must” is now being extensively used
in the legislation of… Australia and at least three Canadian provinces (British Columbia, Alberta and Manitoba) that have amended their Interpretation Acts to say that “must” is to be interpreted as imperative.”
Recommendation
“Must” may be used to create requirements and prohibitions. However, prohibitions should be drafted in the form of “X must not”, rather than “no X must”.
Drafters should not use “must” and “shall” together in the same Act or regulation. It could raise questions about whether different meanings are intended.”
Justice Canada’s Legislative Services Branch
3. Delete every shall.
“Shall” isn’t plain English. . . But legal drafters use “shall” incessantly. They learn it by osmosis in law school, and the lesson is fortified in law practice.
Ask a drafter what “shall” means, and you’ll hear that it’s a mandatory word—opposed to the permissive “may”. Although this isn’t a lie, it’s a gross inaccuracy. . . Often, it’s true, “shall” is mandatory. . . Yet the word frequently bears other meanings—sometimes even masquerading as a synonym of “may”. . . In just about every jurisdiction, courts have held that “shall” can mean not just “must” and “may”, but also “will” and “is”. Increasingly, official drafting bodies are recognizing the problem. . .Many . . drafters have adopted the “shall-less” style. . . You should do the same.
Bryan Garner, Legal Writing in Plain English, 2001, pp 105-06.
For a good discussion of “shall” and “must”, see Bryan Garner, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage (2d ed. 1995), pages 939-942.
[Update] shall | shall – NATAVIGUIDES
Then said the first soldier, ‘In the North Sea lies a dead sea- cat; that
shall
be the roast meat.’
O Father, gracious was that word which clos’d Thy sovran sentence, that Man should find grace; For which both Heav’n and Earth
shall
high extoll Thy praises, with th’ innumerable sound Of Hymns and sacred Songs, wherewith thy Throne Encompass’d
shall
resound thee ever blest.
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights,
shall
not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing
shall
think proper to admit,
shall
not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or Duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.
I will reap your fields before you at the hands of a host; Ye
shall
glean behind my reapers, for the bread that is lost, And the deer
shall
be your oxen By a headland untilled, For the Karela, the bitter Karela,
Shall
leaf where ye build!
Ye
shall
only have enemies to be hated, but not enemies to be despised.
And Agamemnon answered, “Fly if you will, I
shall
make you no prayers to stay you.
“Many have come to ask for vengeance on that head,” said the voice of the Queen of the Heavens, “and many more
shall
come.
My reader then is not to be surprized, if, in the course of this work, he
shall
find some chapters very short, and others altogether as long; some that contain only the time of a single day, and others that comprise years; in a word, if my history sometimes seems to stand still, and sometimes to fly.
“If you consent, neither you nor any other human being
shall
ever see us again; I will go to the vast wilds of South America.
One of these I
shall
present to him saying, “Here are the thousand gold pieces that I offered for your daughter’s hand, and here,” I
shall
continue, holding out the second purse, “are another thousand to show you that I am a man who is better than his word.” After hearing of such generosity the world will talk of nothing else.
The Charter of the Forest designed to lessen those evils, declares that inquisition, or view, for lawing dogs,
shall
be made every third year, and
shall
be then done by the view and testimony of lawful men, not otherwise; and they whose dogs
shall
be then found unlawed,
shall
give three shillings for mercy, and for the future no man’s ox
shall
be taken for lawing.
Shall We Dance (11/12) Movie CLIP – Dance With Me (2004) HD
Shall We Dance? movie clips: http://j.mp/1JaLM53
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CLIP DESCRIPTION:
John (Richard Gere) unexpectedly shows up at Beverly’s (Susan Sarandon) work with a rose and asks her for a slow dance.
FILM DESCRIPTION:
Directed by Peter Chelsom, this film is the Englishlanguage remake of Masayuki Suo’s 1995 romantic comedy of the same name; the Japanese version earned a recordbreaking 9.5 million dollars in United States box offices. Shall We Dance? revolves around John Clark (Richard Gere), a workaholic Chicago lawyer who, despite a respectable paycheck and loving family, is unable to shake the feeling that something in his life is missing. On a whim, John disrupts his normal evening commute to attend a dance class in hopes of meeting Paulina (Jennifer Lopez), a beautiful dance teacher he would occasionally spot gazing out of the studio windows. Though Paulina quickly lays to rest any preconceived romantic notions John may have had about her, she nonetheless forms a bond with him that goes beyond those normally held by a teacher and student. Invigorated with his new hobby, John focuses his newfound enthusiasm into training for an upcoming dance competition; however, he chooses not to let his wife (Susan Sarandon) in on his plans. Unaware that dance may be, in fact, saving her marriage, John’s wife becomes suspicious of all the time he spends away from home and hires a private investigator to find out whether or not her husband is having an affair. Ultimately, John is forced to examine how his old dreams fit in to his new life.
CREDITS:
TM \u0026 © Miramax Films (2004)
Cast: Richard Gere, Susan Sarandon
Director: Peter Chelsom
Producers: Jennifer Berman, Simon Fields, Julie Goldstein, Rachel Hudgins, Amy Israel, Bob Osher, Mari Snyder Johnson, Bob Weinstein, Harvey Weinstein, MariJo Winkler
Screenwriters: Masayuki Suo, Audrey Wells
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Sở thích bí mật của các diễn viên?! || [Shall we LinK?] Interview2
01:29 Ai sexy hơn nhỉ…?
Còn các sở thích mới lạ
của các diễn viên khác thì sao nhỉ?
[Shall We LinK?] Công khai các sở thích
bí mật của các diễn viên!
giaocáchcảm shallwelink couplegame Tròchơighépđôi
![Sở thích bí mật của các diễn viên?! || [Shall we LinK?] Interview2](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/fbmRqqZfxG0/hqdefault.jpg)
Lady Gaga, Bradley Cooper – Shallow (Lyrics) (A Star Is Born Soundtrack)
🎵 Lady Gaga \u0026 Bradley Cooper Shallow (Lyrics) A Star is Born
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………
🎤 Lyrics: Lady Gaga \u0026 Bradley Cooper Shallow
[Verse 1: Bradley Cooper]
Tell me somethin’, girl
Are you happy in this modern world?
Or do you need more?
Is there somethin’ else you’re searchin’ for?
[Refrain: Bradley Cooper]
I’m fallin’
In all the good times
I find myself longing for change
And in the bad times, I fear myself
[Verse 2: Lady Gaga]
Tell me something, boy
Aren’t you tired tryna fill that void?
Or do you need more?
Ain’t it hard keepin’ it so hardcore?
[Refrain: Lady Gaga]
I’m fallin’
In all the good times
I find myself longing for change
And, in the bad times, I fear myself
[Chorus: Lady Gaga]
I’m off the deep end, watch as I dive in
I’ll never meet the ground
Crash through the surface where they can’t hurt us
We’re far from the shallow now
[PostChorus: Lady Gaga \u0026 Bradley Cooper]
In the shaha, shalalow
In the shashalalalalow
In the shaha, shahahalow
We’re far from the shallow now
[Bridge: Lady Gaga]
Hoo, huh, uh, huhhow
Huh, huhhhuhhh
[Chorus: Lady Gaga]
I’m off the deep end, watch as I dive in
I’ll never meet the ground
Crash through the surface where they can’t hurt us
We’re far from the shallow now
[PostChorus: Lady Gaga \u0026 Bradley Cooper]
In the shaha, shalalow
In the shaha, shalalalalow
In the shaha, shahalow
We’re far from the shallow now
………
📷 Wallpaper: https://unsplash.com/
………
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………
LadyGaga BradleyCooper Shallow Lyrics AStarIsBorn
Shall Meaning| Use of Shall in Sentences| Modals Examples #shorts
Shall Meaning| Use of Shall in Sentences| Modals Examples shorts @English Academy shorts See Complete Video on Modals here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EyYd0tW7pS0
Let us talk about Shall. Shall is one of the Modals
It is used to express pure future Example \”I shall go to the bed at 10 o clock toninght\”.
It is also used to express request. Example \”Shall i bring the char for you?\”
It can also be used to give a suggestion. Example \”Shall we we buy books from this shop?\”
Shall can be used as a command Example \”You shall put this chair in that corner\”
Shall can be used as a determination.
Shall can be used as a promise
See Complete Video on Modals here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EyYd0tW7pS0
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Lesson 3: How to use \”Will and Shall\”
Lesson 3: How to use \”Will and Shall\”
Use of will and shall
• I’ll/will/shall
• You’ ll/will
• He/she/it’ll/will
• We’ ll/will/shall
• They’ ll/will
The short form \”ll\” can be used for both will and shall.
We usually use the long form in writing and the short in speech, but when we are writing informally we also use the short form.
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