Present Perfect

Carla Muniz

Professora licenciada em Letras

O Present Perfect or Present Perfect Simple (Presente Perfeito ou Presente Perfeito Simples) é um tempo verbal que expressa ações influenciadas pelo presente, ou seja, essas ações ainda estão acontecendo ou foram concluídas recentemente.

O Present Perfect pode ser usado para indicar ações que começaram no passado e se prolongam até o presente. Na língua portuguesa, não há nenhum tempo verbal equivalente ao Present Perfect.

Exemplo:

I have been living in Rio de Janeiro since 2010. (Estou estou morando no Rio de Janeiro desde 2010.)

Por vezes, o tempo em que as ações acontecem é indicado pelos seguintes advérbios.

• already (já)
• yet (já; ainda)
• ever (já; alguma vez)
• just (há pouco; agora mesmo)
• never (nunca)
• always (sempre)
• lately (ultimamente)
• often (normalmente)
• recently (recentemente)
• frequently (frequentemente)

Exemplos:

• She has never been to the States. (Ela nunca esteve nos Estados Unidos.)
• I have always wanted to study German. (Eu sempre quis estudar alemão.)
• He has been arriving early lately. (Ele tem chegado cedo ultimamente.)

Formação do Present Perfect Tense onde o S = subject (sujeito)

Formação do Present Perfect Simple

O Present Perfect Simple é formado pelo verbo auxiliar to have (have/has) conjugado no Simple Present (presente simples) + o Past Participle (particípio passado) do verbo principal.

Veja também:

Has e have

Atenção! (Pay Attention!)

Lembre-se que as flexões de particípio passado dos verbos regulares é igual às flexões do Simple Past (passado simples) dos verbos regulares.

Assim sendo, os particípios passados dos verbos regulares terminam em –d, –ed ou –ied.

No particípio passado dos verbos irregulares, as formas verbais se modificam bastante e não seguem nenhum padrão.

Para compreender melhor o particípio passado dos verbos irregulares, veja também:

Forma Afirmativa (Affirmative Form)

Para a construir frases afirmativas no Present Perfect Simple, utiliza-se a seguinte estrutura:

Sujeito + verbo auxiliar to have no Simple Present + verbo principal no Particípio Passado + complemento

Exemplo:

My parents have visited Portugal three times. (Meus pais visitaram Portugal três vezes)

Obs.: o verbo to have (ter) pode ser utilizado na forma contraída quando conjugado no Present Perfect. Neste caso, usa-se ‘ve como forma contraída de have e ´s como forma contraída de has.

Exemplos:

• She has already gone > She‘s already gone. (Ela já foi.)
• We have been talking too much in class > We‘ve been talking too much in class. (Temos conversado demais na aula.)

Veja também:

Tempos Verbais em Inglês

Forma Negativa (Negative Form)

As frases negativas no Present Perfect Simple incluem o “not” após o verbo auxiliar e seguem a seguinte estrutura:

Sujeito + verbo auxiliar to have no Simple Present + not + verbo principal no Particípio Passado + complemento

Exemplo:

My parents have not visited Portugal three times. (Meus pais não visitaram Portugal três vezes)

Obs.: o verbo to have (ter) pode ser utilizado na forma contraída quando conjugado no Present Perfect.

Neste caso, usa-se haven’t como forma contraída de have not e hasn’t como forma contraída de has not.

Veja também:

Past Perfect

Forma Interrogativa (Interrogative Form)

Para fazer perguntas no Present Perfect Simple, é necessário inverter a ordem do verbo auxiliar na frase, ou seja, ele é posicionado antes do sujeito.

A forma interrogativa do Present Perfect segue a seguinte estrutura:

Verbo auxiliar to have no Simple Presente + sujeito + verbo principal no Particípio Passado + complemento

Exemplo:

Have my parents visited Portugal three times? (Meus pais visitaram Portugal três vezes?)

Present Perfect Simple x Present Perfect Continuous

No Present Perfect Tense há dois modos verbais para o presente: Present Perfect Simple e Present Perfect Continuous.

Confira abaixo as diferenças entre cada um deles.

Present Perfect Simple

O Present Perfect Simple é usado para indicar ações influenciadas pelo presente e que foram concluídas recentemente ou que ainda estão em curso.

Esse tempo verbal é formado pelo verbo auxiliar to have (have/has) conjugado no Simple Present (presente simples) + o Past Participle (particípio passado) do verbo principal.

Exemplo:

I have read this book for two hours. (Eu li esse livro por duas horas.)

Present Perfect Continuous

O Present Perfect Continuous é usado para ações contínuas que iniciaram no passado e continuam no presente.

Ele é formado pelo verbo to have (have/has) conjugado no Simple Present (presente simples) + o verbo to be conjugado no Present Perfect (presente perfeito) + o gerúndio (-ing) do verbo principal.

Exemplo:

I have been reading this book for two hours. (Eu tenho estado a ler esse livro por duas horas.)

Para saber mais sobre verbos que indicam ações contínuas, veja também:

Present Perfect Simple x Simple Past

Muitas pessoas têm dúvidas sobre os usos do Present Perfect Simple e do Simple Past.

Isso acontece pois os dois verbos são utilizados para fazer referência a ações iniciadas no passado.

O Present Perfect pode indicar ações que iniciaram em algum momento do passado e que, no entanto, têm continuidade no presente ou foram concluídas recentemente.

Já o Simple Past indica ações que iniciaram no passado e que já foram concluídas, ou seja, não apresentam uma continuação.

Outro fato que difere o Present Perfect do Simple Past é a formação de cada um deles.

O Present Perfect Simple é formado pelo verbo auxiliar to have (have/has) conjugado no Simple Present (presente simples) + o particípio passado (Past Participle) do verbo principal.

Exemplo:

I have known Victoria for a long time. (Eu conheço a Victoria há muito tempo.)

Já o Simple Past não apresenta verbo auxiliar na sua conjugação. Para conjugar um verbo regular na forma afirmativa do Simple Past, é necessário acrescentar –d, –ed, ou –ied à sua terminação.

Exemplo:

I knew Victoria a long time ago. (Eu conheci a Victoria há muito tempo.)

Os verbos irregulares, por sua vez, sofrem modificações em sua forma e com isso, não seguem nenhum modelo de conjugação.

Veja também:

Simple Past

Para saber mais sobre o Simple Past, teste seus conhecimentos fazendo exercícios com respostas comentadas em Simple Past exercícios.

Vídeo (Video)

Assista o vídeo abaixo e saiba quais são os três principais usos do Present Perfect.

Exercícios (Exercises)

1. Escreva a seguinte frase nas formas negativa e interrogativa:

He has painted two pictures this week.

Ver Resposta

Forma negativa: He has not painted two pictures this week.

Para fazer a forma negativa do Present Perfect, basta utilizar o verbo to have (have/has) + not + Past Participle do verbo principal, logo após o sujeito.

Na fase acima:

• he: sujeito
• has: terceira pessoa do verbo to have; utiliza-se quando o sujeito é he, she ou it.
• painted: Past participle do verbo principal “to paint” (pintar)

Forma interrogativa: Has he painted two pictures this week?

Para fazer a forma negativa do Present Perfect, basta utilizar o verbo to have (have/has) + sujeito+ Past Participle do verbo principal.

Na fase acima:

• has: terceira pessoa do verbo to have; utiliza-se quando o sujeito é he, she ou it.
• he: sujeito
• painted: Past participle do verbo principal “to paint” (pintar)

2. Conjugue o verbo begin (começar) na forma afirmativa do Present Perfect Simple:

Ver Resposta

I have begun
you have begun
he/she/it has begun
we have begun
you have begun
they have begun

3. Qual das frases abaixo não está no Present Perfect Simple?

a) I haven’t played soccer for years.
b) She has broken her leg.
c) This morning he has drunk three coffees.
d) Who has been reading my diary?
e) I have worked all my life.

Ver Resposta

Alternativa correta: d) Who has been reading my diary?

Observe que, apesar de apresentar o verbo to have (has) e uma flexão no particípio passado (been), o verbo principal da frase está conjugando no gerúndio (reading).

Assim sendo, o tempo verbal que corresponde à alternativa d) é o Present Perfect Continuous, e não o Present Perfect Simple.

Para complementar os seus estudos da língua inglesa, veja também:

Carla Muniz

Professora, lexicógrafa, tradutora, produtora de conteúdos e revisora. Licenciada em Letras (Português, Inglês e Literaturas) pelas Faculdades Integradas Simonsen, em 2002.

Present Perfect Tense

The Present Perfect Tense expresses actions or events that began in the past and are still true or appropriate in the present time, or are now finished. Present Perfect is also used to tell about something which happened in the past but the exact time of the action isn’t known.

We form The Present Perfect with have/has and the Past Participle Form of the main verb.

a. I have visited my grandfather.
b. Has she called the police?

Forming Present Perfect

We use the past participle (verb3) of verbs to form the present perfect tense. The past participle of regular verbs is formed in the same way as in the past tense. See

Affirmative FormSubject + have / has + verb3 + complement
She has found her book.Negative FormSubject + haven’t / hasn’t + verb3 + complement
She hasn’t found her book.Question FormHave / Has + subject + verb3 + complement ?
Has she found her book?Negative QuestionHaven’t / Hasn’t + subject + verb3 + complement ?
Hasn’t she found her book?

Use of Present Perfect

1) We use present perfect for a past action whose time is not mentioned and has a relation to the present. We are not interested in its time but the action itself.

I have never been to London.

I have read ‘Hamlet’.
I have never seen a famous person.
Have you ever played chess?
She has seen the Golden Gate Bridge.

NOTE: The question word ‘when’ is only used with Past Simple. We cannot use it with Present Perfect.

When did you arrive? (When have you arrived?)

See
Present Perfect vs Simple Past Exercise 2
Present Perfect vs Simple Past Exercise 3

2) We often use present perfect tense for actions which happened in the past and that have an effect or a result in the present.

I’ve washed my hair.(My hair is wet now)
The party has finished. (The house is untidy )
Oh no! You have broken your arm. (His arm is in plaster)
The teacher has just gone out. (The teacher is not here)
Rabia has cut her finger. (Her finger is bleeding)

3) We use it for an action which began in the past and is still happening now.

I have seen him this morning. ( It is still morning )
My grandparents have lived in Florence for sixty years. (They are still living in Florence.)
Have you been busy this month? ( It is still the same month )

SINCE and FOR

We can use the present perfect tense with ‘for’ and ‘since’ to talk about actions and events that take place in a period of time from the past until now.
Since For Usage and Exercises

Present Perfect With JUST / YET / ALREADY

Also See:

Ever Never Just Already Yet
Present Perfect Exercise with Just / Have / Yet

JUST: The adverb ‘just’ is used with the present perfect tense to tell a recently completed action. ‘Just’ comes after the auxiliary verb ‘have/has’. This combination is used chiefly in the affirmative, though the interrogative from is possible. It isn’t normally used in the negative.

The teacher has just gone out.(She went out a few minutes ago)
The bus has just arrived.
Has he just gone out? Yes, he has.
Mr.Trick has just finished the cake.

ALREADY: The adverb ‘already’ is used when something has happened before we expected. ‘Already’ comes after the auxiliary verb ‘have/has. We use ‘already’ in affirmative.

I’ve already written a letter to my friend.
She’s already finished her homework.
The policemen have already arrested the thief.

YET: The adverb ‘yet’ is used when we are expecting something to happen but it hasn’t happened. “Yet” comes to the end of the clause. We use ‘yet’ in the negative sentences and in questions.

Mrs. Roberts hasn’t replied to my letter yet.
(She hasn’t replied but she will).

Gone vs Been

See

Look at the difference between these two sentences.

George has been to Spain. -> He’s now at home again.
George has gone to Spain. -> He’s in Spain now.

He has been: He has finished his trip and turned back home.

He has gone: He has begun his trip.

Look at this example in order to see the difference more clearly.

A: Where’s Julie?
B: She’s away. She’s gone to Paris.

Julie has gone to Paris. -> She is in Paris now.

Two weeks later:

Adam: Hello, Julie!
Julie: Hello, I’ve been on holiday. I’ve been to Paris.

Julie has been to Paris -> She went to Paris but now she’s back.

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We use the past participle (verb3) of verbs to form the present perfect tense. The past participle of regular verbs is formed in the same way as in the past tense. See Irregular Verbs for a list of present, past and past participle forms of irregular verbs.I have never been to London.I have read ‘Hamlet’.I have never seen a famous person.Have you ever played chess?She has seen the Golden Gate Bridge.NOTE: The question word ‘when’ is only used with Past Simple. We cannot use it with Present Perfect.When did you arrive? (See Present Perfect vs Simple Past Exercise I’ve washed my hair.(My hair is wet now)The party has finished. (The house is untidy )Oh no! You have broken your arm. (His arm is in plaster)The teacher has just gone out. (The teacher is not here)Rabia has cut her finger. (Her finger is bleeding)I have seen him this morning. ( It is still morning )My grandparents have lived in Florence for sixty years. (They are still living in Florence.)Have you been busy this month? ( It is still the same month )We can use the present perfect tense with ‘for’ and ‘since’ to talk about actions and events that take place in a period of time from the past until now.The adverb ‘just’ is used with the present perfect tense to tell a recently completed action. ‘Just’ comes after the auxiliary verb ‘have/has’. This combination is used chiefly in the affirmative, though the interrogative from is possible. It isn’t normally used in the negative.The teacher has just gone out.(She went out a few minutes ago)The bus has just arrived.Has he just gone out? Yes, he has.Mr.Trick has just finished the cake.The adverb ‘already’ is used when something has happened before we expected. ‘Already’ comes after the auxiliary verb ‘have/has. We use ‘already’ in affirmative.I’ve already written a letter to my friend.She’s already finished her homework.The policemen have already arrested the thief.The adverb ‘yet’ is used when we are expecting something to happen but it hasn’t happened. “Yet” comes to the end of the clause. We use ‘yet’ in the negative sentences and in questions.Mrs. Roberts hasn’t replied to my letter yet. (She hasn’t replied but she will).See See more on Gone vs Been Look at the difference between these two sentences.George has been to Spain. -> He’s now at home again.George has gone to Spain. -> He’s in Spain now.He has finished his trip and turned back home.He has begun his trip.Look at this example in order to see the difference more clearly.A: Where’s Julie?B: She’s away. She’s gone to Paris.Julie has gone to Paris. -> She is in Paris now.Two weeks later:Adam: Hello, Julie!Julie: Hello, I’ve been on holiday. I’ve been to Paris.Julie has been to Paris -> She went to Paris but now she’s back.