[NEW] IELTS Writing: ใช้ Linking Words ช่วยอัพ Band งานเขียนสิ! | คำเชื่อม essay – NATAVIGUIDES

Linking Words 8 ประเภทต้องรู้ อัพ Band IELTS Writing!

Linking words คืออะไร?

Linking words หรือที่บางคนเรียก Transitional words นั้นเป็นคำ หรือกลุ่มคำที่ทำหน้าที่คอย “เชื่อม” คำ, วลี, ประโยคเข้าด้วยกัน เพื่อทำให้การสื่อสารเข้าใจง่ายขึ้น เห็นความเชื่อมโยงของสิ่งที่ต้องการจะสื่อสารมากขึ้น (Connect ideas) ดังนั้นเวลาสอบ IELTS Writing นั้น การใช้ Linking words สำคัญมาก! เพราะจะช่วยทำให้งานเขียนลื่นไหล อ่านแล้วเข้าใจง่ายมากขึ้น ส่งผลให้เกิด Coherence ที่เป็นหนึ่งในเกณฑ์การให้คะแนนค่ะ

 

Linking words มีอะไรบ้าง?

จริงๆ แต่ละตำราอาจจะแบ่งกลุ่ม ประเภทของ Linking words แตกต่างกันออกไป แต่โพสต์นี้ขอรวบรวมและแบ่งเป็น 8 กลุ่ม ที่ยังไงก็ได้ใช้ชัวร์ๆ แน่นอน ลองไปดูแต่ละกลุ่มกันเลยค่ะ

 

1. ADDITION (ให้ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติม)

furthermore    moreover        additionally    in addition
besides    also        not only…. but also        as well as 

 

ตัวอย่างประโยค

• Bilingual children do better in IQ tests than children who speak only one language. In addition, they seem to find it easier to learn third or even fourth languages.
   
• Learning another language not only improves children’s job prospects in later life, but also boosts their self-esteem.
   
• Furthermore, air transport is responsible for around 11% of the total CO₂ emissions from UK food transport.
   
• Besides, there is a considerable amount of literature on this subject, and there still exist conflicts of viewpoint which some readers will wish to consider.

 

2. EXAMPLE (ให้ตัวอย่าง)

for example    one clear example is      for instance
such as        namely        to illustrate    illustrated by
this can be seen in

ตัวอย่างประโยค

• The study looks at health expenditure in five countries of south-eastern Europe, namely Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, and Kosovo.
   
• Many underdeveloped countries are lacking the basic necessities to survive like food, health and financial resources. Instead of having choices, they do not have an option to avail the fundamental human rights. To illustrate, the research data by WHO shows that 45% of the population does not have access to clean water supply.
   
• One clear example is the differences between the magnetic fields created by high voltage electric lines and high frequency radioelectric emissions.

 

3. CONTRAST (ขัดแย้ง)

however        nevertheless        even though    despite
in spite of        otherwise        nonetheless        on the other hand
on the contrary    in comparison        in contrast     whereas

ตัวอย่างประโยค

• The Cossack cavalry tended to be of the poorer families but nevertheless were smart and full of pride.
   
• When the girls go shopping, they mainly buy clothes and cosmetics. The boys, on the other hand, tend to purchase computer games or gadgets.
   
• The tallest buildings in London are small in comparison with New York’s skyscrapers.
   
• The Arctic is an ocean basin with peripheral continents, whereas the Antarctic is continental.

 

 

4. REASONS – RESULTS (เหตุ-ผล)

because        owing to        due to    since    as
therefore        consequently        as a consequence
as a result    hence    thus        accordingly
in consequence (of something)

ตัวอย่างประโยค

• Owing to his illness, he could not continue with his studies.
   
• Many parents today do not have time to cook healthy meals for their children. Consequently, many children grow up eating too much junk food.
   
• Polar sea ice became permanent. In consequence, the world’s sea level began to fall.
   
• In consequence of the delay, Harvey suffered a loss of £5 000 in production.
   
• Some of the best broccoli is grown in the south of Italy, hence the reason it is also called calabrese, from Calabria.

 

5. SUMMARY (สรุป)

in short        in conclusion        in other words    
in general        in brief        to sum up

ตัวอย่างประโยค

• In conclusion, the study has provided useful insights into the issues relating to people’s perception of crime.
   
• To sum up, no evidence can be found to support the view that improved street lighting reduces reported crime.
   
• In general, women are more likely than men to feel insecure walking alone after dark.
   
• Mnemonic poems, in other words, poems designed to help you remember something, are an excellent way to learn lists.

 

6. SIMILARITY (ในทำนองเดียวกัน)

similarly        in the same way    the same as
identical to    likewise            equally

ตัวอย่างประโยค

• The girls particularly enjoy using social networking websites. Similarly, nearly all the boys said they spent at least two to three hours a week on these sites.
   
• The element has a crystal structure identical to that of carbon in diamonds.
   
• Why people smoke is an important question. Equally important is why people resist smoking.

7. TIME (เวลา)

presently        currently        nowadays        meanwhile
in the meantime    (shortly) thereafter        finally
at last        eventually    in the past

ตัวอย่างประโยค

• Currently, no genetic predisposition to lower vitamin D status in these groups has been established.
   
• His first novel was rejected by six publishers. In the meantime, he had written a play.
   
• At one point in his career, he became interested in toxoplasmosis and shortly thereafter developed a diagnostic dye test for the disease.

 

8. LISTING (ไล่ลำดับ)

firstly/first    secondly/second        thirdly/third
fourthly/fourth        lastly    finally    next

ตัวอย่างประโยค

• City life has several drawbacks. Firstly, the cost of living in a city is usually much higher than in a small town or village. Inhabitants of cities have to pay higher prices for housing, transport, and even food. Secondly, urban areas tend to suffer from social problems such as high crime and poverty rates in comparison with rural areas. Lastly, the air quality in cities is often poor, due to pollution from traffic, and the streets and public transport systems are usually overcrowded.

 

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วิธีเขียน Five Paragraph Essay

การเขียนเรียงความห้าบรรทัด – FIVE PARAGRAPH ESSAY
ในการเขียนเรียงอาจทำได้แค่กำหนดหัวข้อจุดประสงค์ของผู้เขียนหรือข้อโต้แย้งต่างๆ และกำหนดทิศทางเพื่อสนับสนุนความคิดเห็นหลักในแต่ละส่วน   ควรจะต้องมีลำดับการเชื่อมต่อด้วยแผนผังที่เข้าใจได้ โดยการเขียนเรียงความ 5 บรรทัดจะประกอบไปด้วย 5 ส่วนดังนี้

• บทนำ– ประกอบด้วยหัวข้อของบทวิจัย ซึ่งสรุปเนื้อหาของเรียงความ แสดงและย้ำให้เห็นข้อคิดเห็นสรุปของคุณ โดยในห้าบรรทัดนี้จะต้องสร้างความน่าสนใจและกระตุ้นให้ผู้อ่านอยากรู้และอ่านต่อ
• ย่อหน้าที่1 –ประกอบด้วยข้อสนับสนุนข้อคิดเห็นประกอบงานวิจัย ที่กล่าวถึงในบทนำ โดยใช้แหล่งข้อมูลที่แตกต่างกันจากหนังสือ ผลสรุปทางสถิติและรายงานทางสังคมเพื่อสนับสนุน
• ย่อหน้าที่2> – ประกอบไปด้วยข้อโต้แย้งที่ชัดเจนที่สุดลำดับที่สอง
• ย่อหน้าที่3 – ประกอบไปด้วยข้อโต้แย้งที่ชัดเจนน้อยที่สุด
• บทสรุป– ประกอบไปด้วยบทสรุปทั้งหมดของข้อโต้แย้งทั้งหมด ย้ำให้เห็นทัศนคติและทบทวนข้อมูลสนับสนุนที่กล่าวถึงในทั้ง 5 ย่อหน้าโดยไม่ต้องกล่าวซ้ำถึงเรื่องที่อ้างไว้แล้วแต่เป็นการย้ำเตือนข้อมูลที่นำเสนอไว้แล้วแก่ผู้อ่าน

Five-Paragraph Essay

Purpose: Any purpose; the structure is the important consideration.

Introduction: One paragraph to introduce the subject and sets out a thesis statement.

Body: Three paragraphs which present evidence, examples and explanation to support the thesis.

Conclusion: Summarizes the main points of evidence and re-addresses the original thesis in this light.

Language: Passive for academic essays, active for other types.

Other considerations: The first five-paragraph essay here is an argumentative essay. For this reason the thesis is supported by well-researched and clearly cited evidence. The second five-paragraph essay is a cause and effect essay. This shows how the five paragraph format can be applied to any kind of essay.

ตัวอย่างการเขียน Five-Paragraph Essay

It is Time for the NHL to Ban Fighting in Ice Hockey

The National Hockey League (NHL) is one of North America’s four major sporting products and is broadcast all around the world. Unfortunately, the image the sport projects is tarnished by the fact that many people associate ice hockey with violence – specifically the fights which often break out between rival players (espn.com, 2013). Although fighting has a long historical connection with the game, it is now the time for the NHL to stamp out this barbaric practice. When players drop their gloves and start throwing punches, the sport ceases to be about healthy, sporting competition. The brutal act sets a terrible example for young spectators, can result in severe long-lasting damage to combatants, and has no place in a modern civilized country.

Although rare in foreign ice hockey leagues (Koppikkeinna and Harpitaaskki, 2009), fighting has been commonplace throughout the long history of the NHL (espn.com, 2013). Teams typically employ one or more players who have limited hockey skills but who are proficient pugilists, and therefore known as “enforcers”. The role of these players is supposedly to protect their team’s star performers from physical harm by projecting an aura of menace. In theory, opposing players know that any act of aggression will result in swift retribution (Cherry, 2004). This notion is a fallacy, since the league’s rules allow minimal punishment for fighters (5 minute penalty) only on the condition that the fight has no clear instigator; i.e., the fighters agree to begin fighting simultaneously (nhl.com, 2014). For this reason, enforcers invariably only fight against each other, and often for no reason other than to prove their value to their team. They are paid to fight, and thus they stage fights whether or not the game itself offers any genuine cause to do so (Cherry, 2004; Hockeystats, 2011). These fights are therefore an irrelevant sideshow which serves no purpose other than to grant employment to players who are otherwise not good enough to play professional hockey.

While fights between enforcers rarely have any influence upon the game itself, the consequences for the players involved can be far more serious. As the medical profession’s understanding of concussion injuries increases, it is becoming perfectly clear that receiving punches to the unprotected head will have terrible results in the long term. As Cherry (2004) points out, impaired mental functions are one risk, while the NHL has already witnessed the suicides of two enforcers in recent years, with inferences being drawn that the players’ on-ice role was a significant factor behind their tragic decisions (Morgue, 2007). When the NHL does not take measures to eliminate fighting, the NHL must accept upon its conscience the fate of these two players, along with those who will surely follow in the future.

Although it is clear that fighting is tactically ineffective (Hockeystats, 2011) and imposes a terrible cost upon the combatants (Morgue, 2007), many commentators have argued that the presence of an enforcer prevents injuries to the highly-skilled superstars of the league (Purdue and Kavick, 1998). The case of the great Wayne Gretzky is often cited, with the explanation that he was protected throughout his career on the ice by the enforcer, Marty McSorley. It may well have been the case that Gretzky would have been marginally less effective without his enforcer at his side, but the era in which Gretzky performed cannot be compared with the present day. Rule changes have effectively eliminated the both the intimidation Gretzky might have faced and the methods McSorley employed in defence of his team-mate (Purdue and Kavick, 1998; nhl.com, 2012). For evidence of this one need look no further than the NHL’s play-off matches at the end of each season, where despite the raised stakes, the incidence of fighting almost disappears when it is imperative that every player on the ice makes a contribution to the team through his skill rather than his fists (Hockeystats, 2011).

From the evidence presented, it is clear that the rules governing NHL hockey have changed over the years (nhl.com, 2014) to the extent that fighting has become an anachronism. Its original purpose has been eliminated and the players who continue to drop the gloves are a throwback to a bygone era. The image of the sport can only be enhanced through the promotion of a fast and skillful on-ice product which can appeal to a worldwide family audience, while the protection of all players’ health and safety must be a priority for the NHL (Shanahan, 2013). The continued presence of enforcers reflects very poorly upon the NHL, the game of ice hockey and our society at large. The NHL must therefore not hesitate to take the required action to clean up its act.

(Disclaimer: The citations in this essay are for example purposes only and do not necessarily refer to genuine information sources.)

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