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[NEW] Help for English | reported speech – NATAVIGUIDES

reported speech: นี่คือโพสต์ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับหัวข้อนี้

Nepřímá řeč (

reported speech

)

Část první:
základní principy, oznamovací věty

Nepřímá řeč v angličtině je dalším obávaným jevem, díky kterému
se ježí hrůzou vlasy nejednomu studentu. Ale jako obvykle, nejedná se
o nějakou složitou vědu, stačí pouze pochopit, že angličtina funguje
trochu na jiném principu než čeština.

Přímá / nepřímá řeč

O co se vůbec jedná nám přiblíží následující příklad. Nejprve
přímá řeč:

Řekl mi: ‘Nemůžu s vámi jít, protože nemám čas. Dneska se
budu celý večer učit, protože jsem včera dostal pětku.’

Přímá řeč je to, co dotyčný doopravdy řekl, přesná slova
(v uvozovkách) apod. Podívejme se, jak by to v češtině znělo
v nepřímé řeči:

Řekl mi, že s námi nemůže jít, protože nemá čas a bude se
celý večer učit, protože den předtím dostal pětku.

Vidíme, že v našem jazyce změníme osobní zájmena (já nemůžu –
že on nemůže) a některá příslovce (včera – den předtím).

V češtině použijeme ten čas, který bychom použili v přímé řeči,
tedy jako by to člověk říkal nyní. Podívejme se na následující
příklad:

Řekl, že má hlad. – ve vedlejší větě je
přítomný čas, který vyjadřuje, že v momentě, kdy on to řekl, to
vlastně byla přítomnost (proto přítomný)
Řekl, že měl hlad. – ve vedlejší větě je
použitý minulý čas, který říká, že v momentě, kdy on to řekl, už
daný děj (hlad) byl minulostí (proto minulý)
Řekl, že bude mít hlad. – ve vedlejší větě je
nyní budoucí čas, který znamená, že v moment mluvení dotyčný člověk
ještě hlad neměl, ale oznamoval, že v budoucnosti ho mít bude (proto
budoucí)

V angličtině je však věc složitější. Je-li totiž věta hlavní
v minulém čase (řekl, že) musí tomuto času odpovídat i časy
v ostatních větách, ne jako v češtině:

He said (that) he was
hungry.
 – když to řekl, tak měl právě hlad, proto
musí být v angličtině oba časy stejné, jeho mluvení i jeho hlad byl
v minulosti
He said (that) he had been
hungry.
 – když to řekl, hlad již tehdy byl minulostí,
a proto pokud použijeme pro ‘řekl’ čas minulý, pro ten druhý děj musí
být čas, který mluví o tom, co bylo ještě předtím – tedy
předminulý čas. Z pohledu přítomnosti (tady a teď) tedy jasně vidíme,
jak to bylo: řekl to – v minulosti, měl hlad – ještě
předtím
He said (that) he would be
hungry.
 – když to řekl, hlad ještě neměl a
očekával hlad v budoucnosti. Would nám
vyjádří, že v momentě mluvení to byla budoucnost, nemusí to však být
budoucnost z našeho pohledu (tady a teď), ten hlad již nyní
pravděpodobně nemá

Prakticky vlastně dochází k tomu, že to, co je v přímé řeči se
prostě posune ‘o jeden čas zpět’.

Časový posun

Přítomnost

Přítomný čas prostý
Minulý čas prostý

“I like pizza.”

He said (that) he liked
pizza.

“I am very happy.”

He said (that) he was very
happy.

“I get up at six.”

He said (that) he got up at
six.

“I don’t like this.”

He said (that) he didn’t like
it.

“I have to go.”

He said (that) he had to
go.

Přítomný čas průběhový
Minulý čas průběhový

“I‘m waiting for
you.”

He said (that)he was waiting for
me.

“It‘s raining.”

He said (that) it was
raining
.

“They aren’t
listening
.”

He said (that) they weren’t
listening
.

Předpřítomný čas
Předminulý čas

“I‘ve seen it twice.”

He said (that) he had seen it
twice.

“She hasn’t told me.”

He said (that) she hadn’t told
him.

“I‘ve never been
there.”

He said (that) he‘d never
been there.

Předpřítomný průběhový
Předminulý průběhový

“I‘ve been waiting for
2 hours.”

He said (that) he had been waiting
for 2 hours.

“She‘s been
painting
.”

He said (that) she had been
painting
.

“I haven’t been listening to
you.”

He said (that) he hadn’t been
listening
to me.

Minulost

Minulý čas prostý
Předminulý čas prostý

“I liked pizza.”

He said (that) he had liked
pizza.

“I was very happy.”

He said (that) he had been very
happy.

“I got up at six.”

He said (that) he had got up at
six.

“I didn’t like it.”

He said (that) he hadn’t liked
it.

“I had to go.”

He said (that) he had had to
go.

Minulý čas průběhový
Předminulý průběhový

“I was waiting for
you.”

He said (that) he had been waiting
for me.

“It was raining.”

He said (that) it had been
raining
.

“They weren’t
listening
.”

He said (that) they hadn’t been
listening
.

Předminulý čas
Nemění se!

“I had seen it
twice.”

He said (that) he had seen it
twice.

Budoucnost

WILL
WOULD

“I will help you.”

He said (that) he would help
me.

“She‘ll pay for
that!”

He said (that)she would pay for
that.

“I won’t do it.”

He said (that) he wouldn’t do
it.

“At 8, she‘ll be watching a
movie.”

He said (that) she would be watching
a movie at 8.

“It will have started by
then.”

He said (that) it would have started
by then.

BE GOING TO
WAS/WERE GOING TO

“I‘m going to watch
TV.”

He said (that) he was going to
watch
 TV.

“I‘m not going to study
tonight.”

He said (that) he wasn’t going to
study
that night.

Budoucí čas se v angličtině vždy tvoří pomocí přítomného času,
ať již přítomného času pomocného slovesa will, nebo
přítomného průběhového času slovesa go
(be going to), nebo se používá přítomný prostý či
průběhový čas ve významu budoucím.

Proto je zde časový posun tak jednoduchý. Stačí to, co je ve větě
přítomné, posunout do minulosti: tedy minulý čas slovesa will je would a minulý
čas od be going to je was/were going
to
.

Pozn.: Některé učebnice uvádějí, že budoucí čas se mění na
podmiňovací způsob. Zde však would
s podmiňovacím způsobem nemá nic společného (kromě tvaru slova) – nic
zde nepodmiňujeme, žádná podmínka zde není.

Časový posun se však týká i modálních sloves:

Modální slovesa

CAN, MAY, WILL, SHALL
COULD, MIGHT, WOULD

“I can ski quite
well.”

He said (that) he could ski quite
well.

“You can’t do it.”

He said (that) I couldn’t do
it.

“I may do it.”

He said (that) he might do
it.

“That‘ll be John.”

He said (that) it would be
John.

“You shall never regret
that.”

He said (that) I would never
regret that.

MUST, NEEDN’T
většinou se nepřevádí (lze převést
na HAD TO, DIDN’T HAVE TO)

“You must help me!”

He said (that) I must / had
to
help him.

“I needn’t go
there.”

He said t(that) at he didn’t have to
go there.

minulá modální slovesa
Nemění se!

“I would do it for
you.”

He said (that) he would do it for
me.

“I might come and help
you.”

He said (that) he might come and
help me.

“She must have gone
there.”

He said (that) she must have gone
there.

“You can’t have seen me
there.”

He said (that) I can’t have seen
him there.

“You needn’t have taken so much
money.”

He said (that) I needn’t have taken
so much money.

Další změny

Kromě změny času musíme mít na paměti další nutné změny. První
z nich je samozřejmě změna osobních zájmen. Pokud je v přímé řeči
slovo ‘já’, jedná se o člověka který mluví, a změníme-li větu na
nepřímou řeč, musíme i toto zájmeno změnit.

I like fish.” – He said that he
liked fish.

I další osobní zájmena podléhají změnám, záleží však vždy na
kontextu. Pokud kontext nemáte a pracujete pouze s jednou vytrženou větou,
možností převodu je několik. Například:

He doesn’t like
you.” – zde vůbec nevíme, kdo to komu říká
a o kom

A proto se vždy musíte zamyslet především nad kontextem.

Změnám podlehnou také jakákoliv místní a
časová příslovečná určení, která se přímo vztahují
k místu a času mluvení. Řekneme-li slovo ‘dnes’, máme tím na mysli
den, ve který danou větu říkáme. Převedeme-li větu do nepřímé řeči,
‘dnes’ již vůbec nemusí být dnes.

Slůvko ‘tady’ již také nemusí odpovídat místu, na kterém jsme,
když nepřímou řeč používáme. Měníme především ta příslovečná
určení času a místa, která mají vztah pouze k času a místu, kdy je
člověk pronesl (např. nyní, včera, zítra, před rokem apod.) Určitě
nebudeme měnit např. rok 1999, protože ten zůstává rokem 1999 ať již
o něm mluvíme dnes, nebo kdykoliv jindy.

Příslovečná určení

NOW
AT THAT MOMENT, THEN  *1

“I want to do it
now.”

He said (that) he wanted to do it at that
moment
.

“I don’t know it
now.”

He said (that) he didn’t know it
then.

TODAY, THIS MONTH…
THAT DAY, THAT MONTH

“I’ve seen her
today.”

He said (that) he had seen her that
day
.

“I like the weather this
year
.”

He said (that) he liked the weather that
year
.

YESTERDAY, LAST YEAR
THE DAY BEFORE, THE PREVIOUS…

“I saw you
yesterday.”

He said (that) he had seen me the day
before
.

Last year was very
bad.”

He said (that) the previous year had
been very bad.

TOMORROW, NEXT MONTH
THE FOLLOWING DAY…

“I’ll do it
tomorrow.”

He said (that) he would do it the following
day
.

“I’ll go there next
summer
.”

He said (that) he would go there the following
summer
.

AGO
BEFORE

“I finished it two days
ago
.”

He said (that) he had finished it two days
before
.

HERE
THERE

“There’s nobody
here.”

He said (that) there was nobody
there.

Se změnou místních příslovečných určení (here na there),
ukazovacích zájmen (this na that, these na those) souvisí
ještě např. případná změna slovesa come na
go,
bring na take apod.

Sloveso come totiž znamená ‘jít odněkud sem’, a to tedy
může být nutné změnit na go, což znamená
‘jít odněkud někam’. Stejně tak bring znamená
‘přinést’, neboli ‘vzít něco odněkud sem’, což zase v některé
situaci je nutné převést na ‘vzít něco odněkud někam’, tedy
take.

Pozn.: Více v článcích GO
vs. COME
a Pleteme si:
take, bring, fetch, carry, hold
.

Kdy k posunu nedojde?

Posun časů, zájmen a příslovečných určení nebudeme provádět, pokud
to není potřeba, tedy pokud daný čas, zájmeno a příslovečné určení
stále ještě platí a vztahuje se i na čas a místo, kdy používáme
nepřímou řeč. Pokud je v přímé řeči slovo today a my ještě
ten den používáme nepřímou řeč, i v ní potom zůstane today:

He said that he went there
yesterday. – Řekl, že tam včera jel (včera
z pohledu dneška, tedy dne, kdy tuto větu říkáme my)
He said that he had gone there the day
before
. – Řekl, že tam jel den předtím (než
to řekl)

Pokud je v přímé řeči čas budoucí, můžeme ho ponechat
i v nepřímé řeči, pokud se stále ještě o budoucnost jedná:

He said that he will help
me. – Řekl, že mi pomůže, t.j. stále čekám pomoc.
He said that he would help
me. – Řekl, že mi pomůže (a pomohl / ale nepomohl). Pomoc už
nečekám.

Dalším případem, kdy k posunu nedochází, je posun z minulého času
na předminulý. V současné době tento posun není stoprocentně nutnou
záležitostí a podle moderních učebnic je možné věty v minulém čase
ponechat v nepřímé řeči beze změny.

Pokud by však tím, že v nepřímé řeči ponecháme minulý čas, mohlo
dojít k nesprávnému pochopení, je vždy potřeba tento čas převést.
A proto ho raději převeďte, nic tím nezkazíte. Některé učebnice toto
totiž ‘neznají’ a mohli byste se tak dopustit zbytečných ‘chyb’.

Posledním případem, kdy k posunu nedojde, je to, když je hlavní věta
v přítomném čase. Tedy: ‘Říká že…’ –
‘He says that…’

Závěrem

V tomto prvním článku věnovaném nepřímé řeči v angličtině jsme
chtěli vysvětlit základní pravidla a principy, a vysvětlit, jak se
nepřímá řeč tvoří u oznamovacích vět. Ve druhé části se dovíte,
jak převádět tázací věty, otázky, zvolání apod. Je však nezbytně
nutné, abyste si nejprve osvojili ta pravidla, která jsou obsažená v tomto
dílu. Většina dalších věcí totiž na ně navazuje.

Na paměti tedy vždy mějte tři základní kroky:

  • změnit čas slovesa (‘o jeden zpět’)
  • změnit osobní zájmena
  • změnit případná příslovečná určení času a místa
  1. má význam ‘potom’ ale i ‘tehdy’

Překlad:

[NEW] Reported Speech | reported speech – NATAVIGUIDES

Indirect speech or Reported speech is just a way of expressing your intent in questions, statements or other phrases, without essentially quoting them outrightly as the way it is done in direct speech.

Reported Speech Rules

To understand Reported Speech Grammar and Reported Verbs, you need to first understand reported speech rules and how does it work. Here are some types of reported speech:

  • Reported Statements

Reported speech is used when someone says a sentence, like, “I’m going to the movie tonight”. Later, we want to tell a 3rd person what the first person is doing.

It works like :

We use a reporting verb i.e ‘say’ or ‘tell’. In the present tense, just put in ‘he says’.

Direct Speech: I like burgers.

Reported Speech: He says (that) he likes burgers.

You don’t need to change the tense, but you do need to switch the ‘person’ from ‘I’ to ‘he’. You also need to change words like ‘my’ and ‘your’.

But, in case the reporting verb is in the past tense, then change the tenses in the reported speech itself.

  • Reported Questions

Reported questions go like: 

Direct Speech: Where do you reside?

We make the change to reported speech by-

It is similar to reported statements. The tense changes are exact, and we keep the question’s word. But we need to change the grammar to that normal sentence into positive. For eg:

Direct Speech: Where do you reside?

Reported Speech: He asked me where I resided.

The direct speech question is in the present simple tense. We make a present simple question with ‘do’ or ‘does’. For that, I need to take that away. Then change the verb to the past simple. 

Direct Speech: Where is Jolly?

Reported Speech: He asked me where Jolly was.

The direct question is the present simple of ‘be’. We change the question form of the present simple of being by changing the position of the subject and the verb. So, change them back before putting the verb into the past simple.

Here Are Some More Examples:

  • Reported Requests

The reported speech goes a long way. What if a person asks you to do something politely or make a request? It’s called a reported request. For example:

Direct Speech: Close the door, please / Could you close the door please? / Would you mind closing the door, please?

All these requests mean the same, so we don’t need to report every word there when we tell a 3rd person about it. 

We can simply use ‘ask me + to + infinitive’:

Reported Speech: They asked me to close the door.

Direct Speech: Please be punctual.

Reported Speech: They asked us to be punctual.

  • Reported Orders

And lastly, how about when someone doesn’t ask that politely? This is known as an ‘order’ in English, that is when someone tells you to do something pretty much directly. This is called a reported order. For example:

Direct Speech: Stand up right now!

We make this into a reported speech in the same way as that for a request. Just use ‘tell’ rather than ‘ask’:

Reported Speech: She told me to stand up right now.

Direct Order             Reported Order

Go to sleep! He told the child to go to sleep

Stop worrying! He told her to stop worrying

Be punctual! He told me to be punctual.

Don’t move! He told us not to move.

  • Time Expressions Within the Ambit of Reported Speech

Sometimes when we want to change the direct speech into reported speech, we will have to change the time expressions too. We don’t necessarily always have to do that. However, It depends on when we heard the speech in direct form and when we said the speech in reported form. 

For Example:

It’s Sunday. Kiran Ma’am says “I’m leaving today”.

If You tell someone on Sunday, You will say “Kiran Ma’am said she was leaving today”.

If you tell someone on Tuesday, You will say “Kiran Ma’am said she was leaving yesterday”.

If you tell someone on Friday, you will “Kiran Ma’am said she was leaving on Sunday “.

If you tell someone a month later, you will say “Kiran Ma’am said she was leaving that day”.

So, technically there’s no easy way to convert. You need to put in real effort and have to think about it when the direct speech was said.

Here’s a Table of How Some Conversions Can Be Made: 

  • now can be converted to then / at that time

  • today can be converted to yesterday / that day / Tuesday / the 27th of June

  • yesterday can be converted to the day before yesterday / the day before / Wednesday / the 5th of December

  • last night can be converted to the night before, Thursday night

  • last week can be converted to the week before / the previous week

  • tomorrow can be converted to today / the next day / the following day / Friday

This is all about reported speech. English grammar is a tricky thing given both the rules and practice. Reading these rules solely will not help you to get a strong grasp on it. You also have to practice reported speech sentences in practical life to know how and when it can be used.


Grammar: Learn to use REPORTED SPEECH in English


http://www.engvid.com/ Reported speech and indirect speech mean the same thing: They allow you to express what someone has said. This sentence, \”He said he was studying English\”, is an example of reported speech. But how do you conjugate the verbs? Is it \”he said he was studying\” or \”he said he studied\”? Both are correct depending on the situation. Learn how to say it correctly every time with Ronnie’s quick and easy chart. Your friends said they watched this lesson. So what are you waiting for? http://www.engvid.com/reportedspeechhesaidshesaid/
TRANSCRIPT
Hi. My name’s Ronnie. I’m going to teach you some very, very simple reported speech things. If you don’t know what reported speech is, welcome to the confusing word… World of confusing reported speech and words. Reported speech, maybe when you study it in your class, the teacher or whoever, will call it indirect speech. It’s the same. So, indirect speech or reported speech is exactly the same. Yay. Why or how do we use reported speech? Good question. We use this to report or to write down what somebody has said.
If somebody has told you something, this is going to be a quote. A \”quote\” means you copy the person’s words exactly. You have to be really careful not to change their words. Reported speech or indirect speech is usually only used for writing. So, we don’t really have to worry about all of these crazy rules when we speak. Whew, thank god. So, we’re just going to go through the past, the present, and the future. We’re going to change quoted speech into reported speech. This little chart will help you. If you want to copy down this chart, take a picture of the chart, I guarantee it will make your reported speech grammar class or grammar learning amazing. Check it out.
So, in the present tense, we have two tenses, we have present simple or simple present and we have present continuous. As an example: \”She eats lunch.\” is present simple. This is something she does every day. So if I wanted to report or write down this, write this down, I would use reported speech. So: \”She eats lunch.\” My present simple, what I’m going to do is I’m going to take my verb \”eats\”, and change it to past simple. So, present simple verb we’re going to change to past simple. I would say: \”She said she ate lunch.\” In this sentence, \”eat\” is present simple; in the reported speech, \”ate\” is my past simple. So, present simple changes to past simple in reported speech.
If I have a present continuous example, this means something the person is doing now… For example: \”He is painting.\” So he’s an artist, he’s got a paint brush and some paint, and he’s painting. We have to change this to past continuous. So, if we have \”is painting\”, all we have to do to make this past continuous is change it to \”was painting\”. Present continuous to past continuous, the only thing that changes is our \”to be\” verb changes from present to past. \”He said he was painting.\”
Moving right along. Or moving back, back to the future. We have present perfect. An example of a present perfect sentence: \”He\”, sorry. \”They had a shower.\” It’s about time; they smell a lot. So, if we wanted to report this or write this down, we would say… Oh, he said… He… Sorry: \”They have had\”. This is strange, \”have had\”. Check this out. Present perfect is going to change to past perfect. So: \”They have had\”, if we change it to past perfect, we have to change it to \”had had\”. Ronnie, \”had had\”? Is that true? Yes. This is right. So, present perfect, \”have had\”, changes to \”had\” plus PP: \”had had\”. So: \”They said they had had a shower.\” And it’s about time, because they’re pretty smelly.
The next one: past simple. For example: \”He took my photo.\” In this sentence, your verb is \”took\”. This is a past. So, past simple, present perfect, both of these we have to change to, again, past perfect. So we’re going to change this to: \”They said he had taken my photo.\”
And the last one, past perfect, don’t change it. It’s cool. It’s already done. Past perfect you have to change to past perfect, so you don’t have to change the grammar in this sentence. \”They had had a dog.\” \”They said they had had\”that’s crazy again, but it’s true\”a dog.\” So, if you have a past sentence, present perfect, simple past, or past perfect, all of these are going to be changed to past perfect. That’s easier. \”Had\” plus the past participle. You okay?
Moving on to the future. We have two future tenses in English. Future simple or simple future, which is going to be \”will\”, and we have future \”going to\”. Simple future: \”She will go.\” Future \”going to\”: \”They are going to play football with their new shoes.\” Do you play football? Future simple: \”She will go\”, all we’re going to do is change the verb or the modal \”will\” to \”would\”. So it’s going to change to: \”She would go\”. That’s cool. \”Will\” changes to \”would\”. That’s easy.

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Grammar: Learn to use REPORTED SPEECH in English

Hướng dẫn cách biến đổi câu reported speech (cực dễ hiểu)


câutườngthuật, biếnđổicâureportedspeech, câureportedspeech
Trong Video clip này tôi xin chi sẻ với các bạn phương pháp biến đổi câu từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp một cách dễ hiểu nhất. Nếu các bạn thấy video hay thì xin cho mình 1 like để có đọng lực nhé. Hoặc bạn nào có phương pháp hay hơn thì hãy để lại dưới comment nhé. Xin cảm ơn các bạn.

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Hướng dẫn cách biến đổi câu reported speech (cực dễ hiểu)

REPORTED SPEECH: Verb Tense Changes | Direct and Indirect Speech in English


REPORTED SPEECH! Direct and Indirect Speech: Verb Tense Changes https://7esl.com/directindirectspeechtensechanges/
Reported speech is often also called indirect speech in English.
When changing from direct to indirect speech, you need to change the grammar in certain ways.
Verb tense forms usually need to change.

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REPORTED SPEECH: Verb Tense Changes | Direct and Indirect Speech in English

Reported Speech


Reported Speech

Bài 27: Câu tường thuật trong tiếng Anh – Reported Speech | HỌC247


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1. Câu tường thuật tiếng Anh What is reported speech?[01:05]
2. Sự thay đổi về thì trong tiếng Anh Tense change [02:30]
3. Các trường hợp không đổi thì No tense change [06:57]
4. Những vấn đề liên quan đến người tường thuật Speakers[10:50]
5. Con người, thời gian, nơi chốn khi tường thuật People, time, place [13:00]
6. Phân biệt say, tell, speak [15:40]
7. Cách tường thuật câu hỏi Reporting questions [18:06]
8. Cách tường thuật mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu Reporting commands, requests24:10]
9. Một số dạng tường thuật khác Others reporting [25:26]

Cảm ơn các em đã xem Video bài giảng Câu tường thuật trong Tiếng Anh của Thầy Bùi Đức Tiến trong chuyên đề Ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh

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Bài 27: Câu tường thuật trong tiếng Anh - Reported Speech | HỌC247

นอกจากการดูบทความนี้แล้ว คุณยังสามารถดูข้อมูลที่เป็นประโยชน์อื่นๆ อีกมากมายที่เราให้ไว้ที่นี่: ดูบทความเพิ่มเติมในหมวดหมู่MAKE MONEY ONLINE

ขอบคุณที่รับชมกระทู้ครับ reported speech

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